A informalidade do mercado de trabalho está limitando o avanço da produtividade brasileira. O indicador é considerado fundamental para a melhora da atividade econômica e da renda da população, mas está estagnado nos últimos anos, o que contribui ainda mais para o quadro atual de marasmo da economia.
A produtividade é um item que mede quanto uma economia pode criar de valor com base em vários fatores, como emprego e estoque de capital – uso de máquinas e equipamentos. E é um indicador importante porque, quanto mais cresce, mais rápido um país enriquece.
Com a recessão e a lenta retomada econômica dos últimos anos, milhões de brasileiros tiveram de recorrer a bicos e a trabalhos por conta própria para conseguir alguma renda. E o impacto dessa piora do mercado de trabalho na produtividade é fácil de ser entendido. Um engenheiro que foi demitido durante a crise e teve de se tornar um motorista passou a exercer uma atividade que agrega menos valor para a economia.
“A economia brasileira vem crescendo pouco nos últimos dois anos. Não é um ciclo de expansão que faz as empresas voltarem a gerar empregos formais”, afirma Luka Barbosa, economista do banco Itaú. “E essa geração de empregos informais vai adicionar menos atividade econômica (para o país).”
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Dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia de Estatística (IBGE) deixam essa deterioração do mercado de trabalho evidente. No trimestre encerrado em junho, o Brasil tinha 11,5 milhões de trabalhadores ocupados no setor privado sem carteira de trabalho e 24,1 milhões de profissionais na categoria de conta própria. No mesmo período do ano passado, eram 10,9 milhões e 22,9 milhões, respectivamente.
Não há um indicador oficial que apure o nível de produtividade do país, mas o exercício realizado pelo Itaú mostrou que o quadro poderia ser ainda pior. A questão levantada pelo banco é que, embora a informalidade não ajude o quadro como um todo, ela evitou uma queda maior do indicador.
“Quando não se faz a separação entre empregos formais e informais, fica-se com a percepção de que a produtividade caiu muito”, afirma Barbosa. “A produtividade está ruim porque foram gerados empregos menos produtivos. No momento em que o Brasil tiver uma expansão mais forte, provavelmente o país vai voltar a gerar empregos formais e a gente vai ver a produtividade subir novamente.”
Formado em contabilidade, Thiago Henrique Belmonte, de 34 anos, foi um dos milhões de brasileiros que deixaram um trabalho formal e partiram para uma atividade informal. Em 2015, no auge da crise econômica, ele foi demitido de uma rede de lojas de perfumes importados. “Passei a trabalhar na feira com o meu pai logo que perdi o emprego”, diz. “Fiquei quase um ano na feira até que uma amiga falou sobre a possibilidade de virar motorista de aplicativo.”
Como motorista, além de trabalhar para aplicativos, Thiago passou a fazer viagens particulares. Com o tempo, o negócio foi crescendo, até que ele decidiu apostar em viagens executivas e criar a própria empresa. “Fiz alguns cartões de visitas e entregava para os clientes, aí comecei a ter corridas particulares.”
Hoje, ao menos para Thiago, o pior da crise econômica parece ter ficado para trás. Ele teve de se tornar um microempresário por causa do crescimento do seu negócio e já tem contratos acertados com algumas empresas para fazer o serviço de motorista. “Já estou fora do mercado de trabalho há quatro anos e o meu negócio passou a tomar corpo”, diz.
Contexto internacional
O quadro da produtividade do Brasil fica ainda mais grave quando se olha para o contexto internacional. Muitas economias, antes consideradas emergentes, conseguiram dar um salto de qualidade com a melhora do indicador.
Um levantamento do Instituto Brasileiro de Economia da Fundação Getulio Vargas (Ibre/FGV) evidencia como a produtividade brasileira tem ficado para trás. Na década atual, entre 2011 e 2018, 78% dos países tiveram um crescimento médio da produtividade superior ao do Brasil. Desde os anos 1950, esse é segundo pior resultado já colhido pela economia brasileira. Só fica atrás do registrado nos anos 1980, quando 83% dos países tiveram um avanço mais acelerado da produtividade.
Hoje, por exemplo, um trabalhador do Brasil produz apenas 25% do que um norte-americano. Ou seja, são necessários quatro brasileiros para produzir o mesmo que um trabalhador dos Estados Unidos.
“E essa relação foi piorando recentemente. Antes da crise, um trabalhador norte-americano equivalia a 3,6 trabalhadores brasileiros, mostrando, então, que a gente foi piorando em termos relativos”, afirma Marcel Balassiano, pesquisador do Ibre. “E isso ocorreu porque o nível de produtividade dos Estados Unidos foi aumentando e o nosso ficou estagnado.”
Tradicionalmente, o desempenho da produtividade brasileira costuma ser comparado com o da Coreia do Sul. Na década de 1980, os dois países tinham uma renda per capita parecida, mas, ao longo dos últimos anos, os sul-coreanos conseguiram dar um salto na riqueza produzida pelo país e se distanciaram do Brasil.
Pelo levantamento do Ibre/FGV, entre 1951 e 2008, a produtividade da Coreia do Sul cresceu 4,3% ao ano em média. No Brasil, o avanço foi de 1,7% ao ano.
“A Coreia do Sul apresentou um aumento de produtividade muito grande ao longo dos anos. O investimento maciço em educação foi um dos principais vetores que levaram a isso”, afirma Balassiano, um dos autores do estudo do Ibre. O levantamento também contou com a parceria do economista Paulo Peruchetti. “Por isso, para aumentar a produtividade do Brasil, o investimento em educação é de fundamental importância”, diz Balassiano.
Como melhorar a produtividade
Além do foco em educação, os países que melhoram a produtividade adotaram caminhos parecidos: melhoraram o ambiente de negócios e o setor de infraestrutura e abriram a economia para a competição internacional.
O relatório deste ano do Banco Mundial mostrou que o Brasil ocupa apenas a 109.ª posição num ranking que compara o ambiente para se fazer negócios, dentre 190 países. Em 2018, o Brasil estava na 125.ª colocação.
“Quando o ambiente de negócios é muito complexo, a produtividade não vai aumentar. As empresas ficam mais tempo preenchendo formulários para pagar impostos e não fazem pesquisa de desenvolvimento e inovação, porque os custos e os processos são complexos demais”, diz Xavier Cirera, economista sênior do Banco Mundial.
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